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Sibling rivalry is a type of competition or animosity among siblings, whether blood related or not. Siblings generally spend more time together during childhood than they do with parents. The sibling bond is often complicated and is influenced by factors such as parental treatment, birth order, personality, and people and experiences outside the family.〔(Adult Sibling Rivalry ) Jane Mersky Leder, Psychology Today, Publication Date: Jan/Feb 93, Last Reviewed: 30 Aug 2004〕 Sibling rivalry is particularly intense when children are very close in age and of the same gender and/or where one or both children are intellectually gifted.〔(The Effects of Sibling Competition ) Syliva B. Rimm, Educational Assessment Service, 2002.〕 ==Throughout the lifespan== According to observational studies by Judy Dunn, children are sensitive from the age of one year to differences in parental treatment. From 18 months on siblings can understand family rules and know how to comfort and be kind to each other. By 3 years old, children have a sophisticated grasp of social rules, can evaluate themselves in relation to their siblings, and know how to adapt to circumstances within the family.〔 Sibling rivalry often continues throughout childhood and can be very frustrating and stressful to parents.〔(Sibling Rivalry ) University of Michigan Health System, June 2009〕 Adolescents fight for the same reasons younger children fight, but they are better equipped to physically, intellectually, and emotionally hurt and be intellectually and emotionally hurt by each other. Physical and emotional changes cause pressures in the teenage years, as do changing relationships with parents and friends. Fighting with siblings as a way to get parental attention may increase in adolescence.〔(Living With Your Teenager: Dealing With Sibling Rivalry ) Donna Rae Jacobson, North Dakota State University, July 1995〕 One study found that the age group 10 to 15 reported the highest level of competition between siblings〔(Sibling Rivalry in Degree and Dimensions Across the Lifespan ) Annie McNerney and Joy Usner, 30 April 2001.〕 Sibling rivalry can continue into adulthood and sibling relationships can change dramatically over the years. Events such as a parent’s illness may bring siblings closer together, whereas marriage may drive them apart, particularly if the in-law relationship is strained. Approximately one-third of adults describe their relationship with siblings as rivalrous or distant. However, rivalry often lessens over time. At least 80 percent of siblings over age 60 enjoy close ties.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sibling rivalry」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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